What is Beltane?

Beltane: The Fire Festival of May

1. Etymology and Name Origins

The name “Beltane” is derived from the Gaelic word “Bealtaine” (pronounced approximately /ˈb(j)ɒltɪnə/). It holds significant importance in Celtic religious traditions, signifying the start of summer. The etymology suggests a connection to blazing fire, combining the PIE root bhel- (meaning “to shine, flash, burn”) with Old Irish ten (“fire”)¹.

2. Historical Significance

Beltane was widely observed in Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man. Its roots trace back to ancient pagan times, and it has left its mark in early Irish literature. Let’s explore its key aspects:

a. Cattle and Summer Pastures

• Beltane, also known as Cétshamhain (meaning “first of summer”), marked the transition to warmer months.
• It was the time when cattle were driven out to the summer pastures.
• Rituals were performed to protect cattle, crops, and people, encouraging growth and prosperity.

b. Bonfires and Protective Powers

• Special bonfires were kindled during Beltane.
• The flames, smoke, and ashes were believed to possess protective powers.
• People and their cattle would walk around or leap over the bonfires.
• Household fires were extinguished and then re-lit from the Beltane bonfire.

c. May Flowers and May Bushes

• Homes, doors, windows, and livestock were adorned with yellow May flowers.
• These flowers were associated with fire and invoked its energy.
• In some regions, people created a May Bush: typically a thorn bush decorated with flowers, ribbons, shells, and rushlights.

d. Holy Wells and Bealtaine Dew

• Holy wells were visited during Beltane.
• Bealtaine dew was believed to bring beauty and maintain youthfulness.

3. Modern Revival

• Public celebrations of Beltane waned in popularity by the 20th century.
• However, some customs continue to be revived as local cultural events.
• Since the late 20th century, Celtic neopagans and Wiccans have observed Beltane as a religious holiday.

4. Similar Festivals

• Beltane shares similarities with the Welsh Calan Mai.
• It is one of the four main Celtic seasonal festivals, alongside Samhain, Imbolc, and Lughnasadh.

In summary, Beltane is a vibrant celebration of fire, fertility, and the changing seasons. As the days lengthen and warmth returns, let us honor this ancient tradition that connects us to our ancestors and the natural world. 🌿🔥